Introduction
Sonja A. Rasmussen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Learning Objective: Discuss methodologic issues that need to be considered when interpreting data from epidemiologic studies on the effects of medications during pregnancy.

What is the Best Study Design: Weighing the Pros and Cons
Suzan L. Carmichael, Stanford University
Learning Objective: To compare advantages and disadvantages of various epidemiologic study designs for evaluating the safety of medication use during pregnancy.

Challenges to Exposure Measurement
Martha M. Werler, Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University
Learning Objective: To learn about various methods of retrospectively collecting information on use of medications. Special attention will be paid to the issue of recall bias and approaches to dealing with it.

The Challenge of Defining Pregnancy Outcomes in Epidemiologic Studies of Human Teratogenicity
Christina D. Chambers, University of California San Diego
Learning Objective: Understand the importance of length of follow-up, source and validity of diagnostic information, and comparison groups in defining outcomes.

But What Else Could There Be? Additional Methodological Issues to Consider in the Observational Study of SSRIs During Pregnancy
Suzanne Gilboa, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC
Learning Objective: To better understand a variety of methodologic issues in epidemiologic studies of medication use during pregnancy.

Conveying Teratogen Risk to Women and Their Health Care Providers
Elizabeth A. Conover, University of Nebraska Medical Center
Learning Objective: Discuss strategies to successfully convey teratogen risk to pregnant women and their care providers, including use of epidemiologic data.

Introduction
James J. McGough, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
Learning Objective: To provide an overview of clinical phenomenology, epidemiology, risk factors, and underlying biology of ADHD.

Prenatal Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Effects on Offspring Attention, Activity, and ADHD: An Update
Marie D. Cornelius, University of Pittsburgh
Learning Objective: To provide an up-to-date review of studies examining the role of prenatal cigarette smoke exposure in predicting attention deficits, hyperactivity, and the ADHD diagnosis.  

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The Impact of Intrauterine Exposure to Opiates and Other Substances of Abuse
Asher Ornoy, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School
Learning Objective: A better understanding of the long-term behavioral results of intrauterine exposure to neuroteratogens in man: the role of opiates, cocaine and other substances in the etiology and pathogenesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Break

The Role of Environmental Contaminants in ADHD
Kimberly Yolton, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Learning Objective: To understand the current literature linking prenatal and postnatal exposure to several common environmental contaminants with ADHD and similar behavioral outcomes.

Summary/Conclusions
Susan L. Schantz, University of Illinois
Learning Objective: Provide a summary of the important points covered by the other speakers in the symposium.

Obesogens, Stem Cells and the Maternal Programming of Obesity
Chairperson: John M. Rogers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Lecturer: Bruce Blumberg, University of California, Irvine
Learning Objective: A better understand how environmental chemical can contribute to obesity, including their effect on the differentiation and physiology of adipocytes.

Introduction
Robert L. Brent, DuPont Hospital for Children and Thomas Jefferson University
Learning Objective: A better understanding of teratology principles and their use in planning teratology epidemiology studies.

Risk Assessment at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Rita Schoeny, Office of Water, U.S. EPA
Learning Objective: Understand the EPA's use of an expanded risk assessment paradigm, including framework for human health risk assessment, risks from early life exposure and data in support of demonstrating a mode of action.

Break

The Use of Ecological Epidemiology When Evaluating Environmental Chemicals
Jan M. Friedman, University of British Columbia
Learning Objective: Understand the value and limitations of ecological epidemiology studies and their place in human birth defects research.

Use of High-Throughput Testing and Approaches for Evaluating Chemical Risk: Relevance to Humans
Thomas Knudsen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Learning Objective: This talk will address the current status of high-throughput screen (HTS) efforts to profile environmental chemicals for biological activities in vitro. It will cover the advantages and limitations of these research tools/approaches in building computer models to evaluate chemical activity on targets and pathways relevant to developmental toxicity.

Developmental Biology of Stem Cells
Sid Hunter, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Learning Objective: A better understanding of the origin, differentiation potential, growth factor requirements and toxicity pathways present in human and rodent embryonic stem cells.

Translational Research in Birth Defects–Evolution and Development: Potential New Mechanisms of Teratogenesis
Scott F. Gilbert, Swarthmore College
Learning Objective: To understand the nature of developmental alterations induced by endocrine disruptors and diet and how they are different from standard teratological changes.

The Thyroid and Iodine: Impacts on Pregnancy and Child Health

Overview of Issues
Gloria D. Jahnke, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Chair, Public Affairs Committee
Learning Objective: To understand the impact of the thyroid system and iodine on pregnancy and children's health.

Are We Having an Iodine Crisis? Current Issues of Iodine Sufficiency and Maternal-Fetal Health
Offie P. Soldin, Georgetown University Medical Center
Learning Objective: A better understanding of the importance of iodine to thyroidal health, iodine deficiency in the USA and worldwide and the implications of iodine deficiency to maternal and fetal health. 

Thyroid Function and Clinical Hypothyroidism from a Clinician's Perspective
Alex Stagnaro-Green, George Washington University
Learning Objective: Discuss the changes that occur in the thyroid and thyroid testing during pregnancy. Discuss the incidence and implications of hypthyroidism on miscarriage, preterm delivery and IQ of the unborn child. Discuss the impact of thyroid antibody positivity on spontaneous and recurrent miscarriage.

Break

Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Low-Level Thyroid Hormone Disruption Induced by Environmental Contaminants
Mary E. Gilbert, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Learning Objective: To better understand the relationship between nutritional and environmental factors that influence the thyroid system and their potential to disrupt neurodevelopment.

Neurobehavioral Effects of Hypothyroidism in Children from Antenatal and Childhood Exposure
Joann Rovet, The Hospital for Sick Children
Learning Objective: To better understand the role of thyroid hormone in human brain development and subsequent cognition.

Discussion: Where Do We Go from Here?
Learning Objective: To discuss whether further testing or iodine supplementation should be considered during pregnancy and child development.

Zebrafish Development: Basic Science to Translational Research

Session Overview
Thomas Knudsen, Ph.D., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Learning Objective: Zebrafish embryos have become an important model system for developmental biology due to conserved signaling pathways and cellular dynamics. This symposium will cover scientific approaches using zebrafish as an integrative system to model key events in human development and disease, and to critically evaluate predictive models in chemical biology and toxicology.

Overview of Zebrafish as an Experimental Model System
Stephen C. Ekker, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center
Learning Objective: A better understanding of the molecular genetics, genomics, and developmental biology applications of zebrafish as a model organism.

Imaging Cell Dynamics: Morphodynamics in Digital Embryos
Nadine Peyriéras, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard
Learning Objective: The talk will focus on innovative cell-based imaging techniques to digitally reconstruct morphogenetic changes and individual cell behaviors during early zebrafish development.

Break

Zebrafish as a Model System for Toxicity Screening
Jan-Åke Gustafsson, University of Houston
Learning Objective: To present nuclear receptors as targets for endocrine disruptors using zebrafish as a model system.

Predictive Modeling of Developmental Toxicity
Nisha S. Sipes, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Learning Objective: To present how computational modeling techniques can be used to understand developmental toxicity.

Discussion
Learning Objective: To discuss using zebrafish as an integrative system to model key events in human development and disease, and to critically evaluate predictive models in chemical biology and toxicology.

Paternally Mediated Developmental Toxicity

What is the Impact of Paternal Exposure to Anticancer Drugs on Male Germ Cells and Progeny Outcome: From Rats to Humans?
Bernard Robaire, McGill University
Learning Objective: To present the potential mechanisms by which exposure of males to chemotherapeutic agents can modify spermatozoa and to access the consequences of such spermatozoa modifications on fertility and progeny outcome.

Break

How Do Paternal Life Style and Environmental Exposures Impact on Sperm and Early Embryos?
Francesco Marchetti, Health Canada
Learning Objective: To better understand the role of paternal life style, occupational and environmental exposures on the induction of heritable genetic damage in male germ cells and the consequences for proper embryonic development.

The Frozen Zoo
Chairperson: Kenneth Lyons Jones, University of California, San Diego
Lecturer: Kurt Benirschke, University of California, San Diego
Learning Objective: To understand the development of the Frozen Zoo, the need for it, and the content of cultures and DNA in this storage facility.

Use of Human Progenitor Stem Cells for Toxicity Testing
Steven L. Stice, University of Georgia
Learning Objective: An understanding as to how human embryonic stem cells and derivative cell lines can be used to screen for toxins affecting early development with emphasis on the neural toxicology

Comparison of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Cells
William E. Lowry, University of California, Los Angeles
Learning Objective: Human pluripotent stem cells have profound potential therapeutically because of their ability to generate all the cell types of the body. This talk will explore the similarities and differences between cells differentiated from hESCs and hiPSCs, and how closely these cells mimic those found in tissue.

Break

Genetic and Epigenetic Variability of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Louise Laurent, CUDS Department of Reproductive Medicine and TERI Center for Regenerative Medicine
Learning Objective: Understand that the currently available human pluripotent stem cell lines vary significantly in genetic and epigenetic stability.

Conclusions and Future Directions
Deborah K. Hansen, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA
Learning Objective: A better understanding of the potential of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent cells in testing for developmental toxicants.